Natural and Regulative-Imperative in the Spatial Development of Russia

Organic spatial development is possible under the condition of a reasonable combination of naturalness and regulation of spatially conditioned processes and phenomena. In different periods, the ratio of these principles is different. In Soviet times, spatial development was absolutely dominated by comprehensive directive state planning and management. In the 1990s of post-Soviet reforms, there was a sharp turn towards immoderate and spontaneous decentralization of the spatial organization of life. In the 2000s, counter-reforms began a rapid return to the strengthening of state regulation in this area, which in many respects turned out to be excessive in terms of tasks and costs and unjustified in expectations. The meaning and content, tools and planned results of the current state policy of spatial development are concentrated in the “Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2025”, which claims to be a doctrinal document of modern regional policy. Its development and adoption were accompanied by a multitude of expert comments – from unconditionally apologetic to acutely critical. As the deadline for the end of the strategy approaches, a comprehensive assessment of its effectiveness and effectiveness becomes relevant, especially in connection with the preparation of a new strategy until 2030. The authors see the cornerstone drawback of the current strategy in ignoring the systemic nature of the spatial organization of society, which should be interpreted as an anthropogenic megasystem with its inherent systemic features of integrity, structural organization, direct and reverse connections, with a powerful potential for natural self-organization and selfdevelopment, supplemented in the special transitional conditions of post-Soviet spatial transformations by the regulatory influence on them from the outside State. The authors also emphasize that due to the unprecedented post-Soviet transitional spatial realities, it is impossible to count on diligent study and direct borrowing of foreign experience, due to its inadequacy of the modern Russian situation.

1. Zhikharevich B.S., Pribyshin T.K. Strategiia prostranstvennogo razvitiia Rossii kak rezul’tat vzaimodeistviia nauki i vlasti [Strategy for Spatial Development of Russia as a Result of Interaction Between Science and Government], Region: ekonomika i otsiologiia [Region: Economics and Sociology], 2021, No. 4, pp. 3–26. (In Russ.).

2. Leksin V.N., Shvetsov A.N. Gosudarstvo i regiony. Teoriia i praktika gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniia territorial’nogo razvitiia [State and Regions. Theory and Practice of State Regulation of Territorial Development]. Moscow, URSS, 1997 (stereotipnye izdaniia v 1999–2022), 372 p. (In Russ.).

3. Leksin V. N. Federativnaia Rossiia i ee regional’naia politika [Federal Russia and Its Regional Policy]. Moscow, INFRA-M, 2008, 352 p. (In Russ.).

4. Leksin V.N., Shvetsov A.N. Reformy i regiony: Sistemnyi analiz protsessov reformirovaniia regional’noi ekonomiki, stanovleniia federalizma i mestnogo samoupravleniia [Reforms and Regions: Systematic Analysis of the Processes of Reforming the Regional Economy, the Formation of Federalism and Local SelfGovernment]. Moscow, LENAND, 2012, 1024 p. (In Russ.).

5. Leksin V.N. Antropogennye prostranstvennye sistemy: osobennosti funktsionirovaniia i transformatsii [Anthropogenic Spatial Systems: Features of Functioning and Transformation], Trudy Instituta sistemnogo analiza RAN [Proceedings of the Institute of System Analysis of the RAS], 2018, Vol. 68, Iss. 1, pp. 74–86. (In Russ.).

6. Shvetsov A.N. Gosudarstvennoe uchastie v preobrazovanii sotsioekonomicheskogo prostranstva [State Participation in the Transformation of Socio-Economic Space], Vyzovy i politika prostranstvennogo razvitiia Rossii v XXI veke [Challenges and Policies of Spatial Development of Russia in the 21st century], edited by V.M. Kotliakov, A.N. Shvetsov, O.B. Glezer. Moscow, Tovarishchestvo nauchnykh izdanii KMK, 2020, pp. 291–345. (In Russ.).

7. Shvetsov A.N. Stanovlenie novoi organizatsii ekonomicheskogo prostranstva Rossii: Opyt gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniia i nauchnykh issledovanii prostranstvennykh preobrazovanii [Formation of a New Organization of the Economic Space of Russia: Experience of State Regulation and Scientific Research of Spatial Transformations]. Moscow, LENAND, 2021, 304 p. (In Russ.).

8. Takhtadzhian A. Printsipy organizatsii i transformatsii slozhnykh sistem: evoliutsionnyi podkhod [Principles of Organization and Transformation of Complex Systems: an Evolutionary Approach]. Saint-Petersburg, SPKhFA, 1998, 118 p. (In Russ.).

9. Khomiakov P.M. Sistemnyi analiz. Kratkii kurs lektsii [System Analysis. Short Course of Lectures]. Moscow, KomKniga, 2006, 216 p. (In Russ.).

10. Setrov M.I. Osnovy funktsional’noi teorii organizatsii [Fundamentals of Functional Theory of Organization]. Leningrad, Nauka, 1972, 164 p. (In Russ.).

11. Printsipy organizatsii sotsial’nykh system [Principles of Organization of Social Systems], edited by M.I. Setrov. Kiev, Odessa, Vyshcha shkola, 1988, 242 p. (In Russ.).

12. Khagget P. Prostranstvennyi analiz v ekonomicheskoi geografii [Spatial Analysis in Economic Geography]. Moscow, Progress, 1968, 392 p. (In Russ.).

13. Tiunen I.G. Izolirovannoe gosudarstvo v ego otnoshenii k sel’skomu khoziaistvu i national’noi ekonomii [The Isolated State in its Relation to Agriculture and National Economy]. Vol. 1. Moscow, Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’, 1926, 219 p. (In Russ.).

14. Marshall A. Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan,1980, 754 p.

15. Cristaller W. The Central Places of Southern Germany, Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey, Prentice-Hill, 1966, 119 p.

16. Launhardt W. Die Bestimmung des zweckmässigsten Standortes einer gewerblichen Anlage, Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, 1882, Vol. 26, pp. 106–115.

17. Lesh A. Geograficheskoe razmeshchenie proizvodstv [Geographical Location of Production]. Moscow, Izd. inostr. Lit, 1959, 456 p. (In Russ.).

18. Perroux F.L. L’Economie du XX siècle. P.U.F., 1961, 814 p.

19. Boudeville J. Problems of Regional Economic Planning. Edinburg, Edinburg U.P, 1966, 192 p.

20. Pottier P. Axes de communication et développement économique, Revue économique, 1964, No. 14, pp. 58–132.

21. Lasuén J.R. On Growth Poles, Urban Studies, 1969, No. 6, pp. 137–152.

22. Brezis E., Krugman P., Tsiddon D. Leapfrogging in International Competition: A Theory of Cycles in National Technological Leadership, American Economic Review, 1993, Vol. 83, No. 5, pp. 1211.–1219.

23. Garretsen H., Martin R. Rethinking (New) Economic Geography Models: Taking Geography and History More Seriously, Spatial Economic Analysis, 2010, No. 5, p. 2.

24. Krugman P. Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition and International Trade, Journal of International Economics, 1979, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 469–479.

25. Krugman P., Elizondo R. Trade Policy and the Third World Metropolis, Journal of Development Economics, 1996, Vol. 49, pp. 137–150.

26. Krugman P., Venables A. Globalization and the Inequality of Nations, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995, Vol. 110, No. 4, pp. 857–880.

27. Krugman P. Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade, American Economic Review, 1980, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 950–959.

28. Krugman P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography, Journal of Political Economy, 1991, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 483–499.

29. Fujita M., Krugman P., Venables A. J. The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade. Cambridge, Massachusetts, THE MIT Press, 1999, 367 p.

30. Fujita M., Krugman P. The New Economic Geography: Past, Present and the Future, Papers in Regional Science. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004, Vol. 83, pp. 139–164.

31. Henderson J.V. The Sizes and Types of Cities, American Economic Review, 1974, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 640–656.

32. Hanson G.H. Market Potential, Returns, and Geographic Concentration. Available at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w6429

33. Brakman S., Garretsen H., Schramm M. New Economic Geography in Germany: Testing the Helpman-Hanson Model, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4765734_New_economic_geography_in_Germany_testing_the_Helpman-Hanson_model

34. Ago T., Isono I., Tabuchi T. Locational Disadvantage of the Hub, The Annals of Regional Science, 2006, Vol. 40, pp. 819–848.

35. Porter M.E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations: With a New Introduction. New York, The Free Press, Palgrave Tenth Edition, 1990, 855 p.

36. Maskell P., Malberg A. Localized Learning and Industrial Competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1999, Vol. 23, Iss. 2, pp.167–185.

37. Rosenfeld S.A. Bringing Business Clusters into the Mainstream of Economic Development, European Planning Studies, 1997, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, pp. 3–23.

38. Scott A., Storper M. Regions, Globalization, Development, Regional Studies, 2003, Vol. 37, Iss. 6-7, pp. 579–593.

39. Ketels C. Recent research on competitiveness and clusters: What are the implications for regional policy? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 12, pp. 269–284.

40. Wennberg K., Lindqvist G. The Effect of Clusters on the Survival and Performance of New Firms. Small Business, Economics, 2010, Vol. 34, Iss. 3, pp. 221–241.

41. Fonotov A.G., Bergal’ O.E. Territorial’nye klastery v sisteme prostranstvennogo razvitiia: zarubezhnyi opyt [Territorial Clusters in the System of Spatial Development: Foreign Experience], Prostranstvennaia ekonomika [Spatial Economics], 2020, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 113–135. (In Russ.).

42. Babun R.V. Upravlenie aglomeratsiiami gorodov v usloviiakh reformy mestnogo samoupravleniia [Managing Urban Agglomerations in the Context of Local Government Reform], Region ekonomika i sotsiologiia [Regional Economics and Sociology], 2016, No. 1, pp. 249–267. (In Russ.).

43. Repina E.A. Gorodskaia aglomeratsiia kak forma territorial’nogo rasseleniia [Urban Agglomeration as a Form of Territorial Settlement], Zhurnal “U”. Ekonomika. Upravlenie. Finansy [Magazine “U”. Economy. Control. Finance], 2016, No. 1, pp. 102–107.

44. Markvart E., Shvetsov A.N. Territorial’naia organizatsiia mestnogo samoupravleniia i upravlenie gorodskimi aglomeratsiiami [Territorial Organization of Local Self-Government and Management of Urban Agglomerations]. Moscow, Izdatel’skii dom “Delo” RANKhiGS, 2017, 304 p. (In Russ.).

45. Shvetsov A.N. Gosudarstvo i aglomeratsii: kak vystraivaiutsia ikh vzaimootnosheniia [The State and Agglomerations: How Their Relationships are Built], Munitsipal’noe imushchestvo: ekonomika, pravo, upravlenie [Municipal Property: Economics, Law, Management], 2023, No. 4, pp. 2–5. (In Russ.).

46. Basnukaev Kh.U. Zarubezhnyi opyt realizatsii gosudarstvennoi politiki prostranstvennogo razvitiia [Foreign Experience in Implementing State Spatial Development Policy], Vestnik Altaiskoi akademii ekonomiki i prava [Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law], 2018, No. 6, pp. 18–24. (In Russ.).

47. Shvetsov A.N. “Tochki rosta” ili “chernye dyry”? (K voprosu ob effektivnosti primeneniia “zonal’nykh” instrumentov gosstimulirovaniia ekonomicheskoi dinamiki territorii) [“Growth Points” or “Black Holes”? (on the Issue of the Effectiveness of Using “Zonal” Instruments of State Stimulation of Economic Dynamics of Territories)], Rossiiskii ekonomicheskii zhurnal [Russian Economic Journal], 2016, No. 3, pp. 40–61. (In Russ.).

48. Odintsova A.V. Preferentsial’nye territorii v prostranstvennom razvitii Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Preferential Territories in the Spatial Development of the Russian Federation], Federalizm [Federalism], 2023, Vol. 28, No. 2 (110), pp. 27–46. (In Russ.).

49. Minakir P.A. Rossiiskoe ekonomicheskoe prostranstvo. Strategicheskie tupiki [Russian economic space. Strategic dead ends], Ekonomika regiona [Regional Economics], 2019, Vol. 15, Iss. 4, pp. 967–980. (In Russ.).